To support this site, please buy your goods at:
The Amazon Store
Shop in your shorts!
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Shopping easy at
You will need one or more of these plug adapters for your appliances and chargers.
Plug Adapter
USA to Continental Europe
by Samsonite
SIMRAN PLUG ADAPTER
Adapts grounded USA plugs to European plug
This is a universal plug adapter for the UK and Ireland.
Samsonite Grounded Adaptor Plug - United Kingdom, Ireland
To use this with American plugs you'll also need the USA to Continental Europe adapter.
Grounded Adapter
Europe to Switzerland
For charging the batteries of more than one gizmo at a time use this 250 volt universal
power strip. It comes with a grounded Continental plug so it does not need an adapter plug for Europe.
See the next item if you are going to the British Isles.
Surge Protector
Power Strip
6 Universal Outlets
220/240 Volt 50/60Hz
To use the surge strip in Britain and Ireland you will need one of these plug adapters.
Grounded Adapter
Europe to
Britain and Ireland
Only use this if your appliance is not marked 110-240 v and uses less than 50 watts.
Grounded Transformer
USA to Continental Europe
50 Watts, 220v to 110v
This is a stronger transformer rated for 200 watts.
Transformer - 200 Watt Non Grounded Heavy Duty
OK, this is the elephant. If you are moving over and taking your electric saw, planer, drill, etc. I recommend it.
Transformer - 1000 Watt Non Grounded Heavy Duty
Wear a money belt under your shirt to protect your passport and valuables, especially if you are staying in hostels or dorms.
Victorinox Deluxe Concealed Security Belt
This portable combo door stopper and alarm will give you additional security in your hotel room.
GE 50246 Smart Home
Door Stop Alarm
Shopping easy at
The
links in this green field take you directly to a page at Amazon.com.
That page details the item, and in some cases includes candid and critical comments
from others who have bought the item.
Amazon.com pays my site a
small commission when you click and order an item, if you put it in your shopping
cart within 24 hours based on the cookie they set on your computer. If you don't
want to make a quick decision just put it in your shopping cart, think it over,
and come back later. You benefit when buying here because Amazon.com
has a 20% to 30% discount on many items plus a free shipping
deal. The third bonus is that there is no sales tax on internet purchases in
most states. Delivery is fast
even when it is free, and returns are easy if you are not happy with the product.
You win we win. Thanks for your support!!
Have a good trip in life,
John Bermont
Note: Italicized notations by the author.
Absolutely the best battery for digital cameras which use AA batteries.
Energizer
AA Lithium Batteries
4 Pack
Rechargeable batteries will save you money in the long run.
Sony BCG-34HRMF4 Battery Charger with LCD Display and 4 AA Ni-MH Rechargeable Batteries
Eforcity Universal USB Car Charger Adapter for Palm m500 and many other devices.
Griffin Technology Powerjolt Dual Universal Car Charger
Make sure that your electrical appliances are dual voltage so they will work in Europe.
Vagabond Compact Styler
Conair's Dual-Voltage Ionic Hair Dryer
Conair Flat Iron 2" Ceramic Straightener
Dual Voltage
Travel Hair Setter
Dual Voltage
Remington H-1015
SteamFast SF-717 Home-and-Away Mini Steam Iron (dual voltage)
Braun Series 1 150 Men's Shaver with Automatic Worldwide Voltage Adjustment
For light sleepers here is an international "white noise" machine.
Marsona TSCi-330 White Noise Travel Sound Conditioner For both USA and International Use
Casio Auto Calendar Thermometer Travel Clock #PQ15-1KP
This will come in very handy once in a while.
Swiss Army
LED Flashlight
This is my book, available at Amazon.com. Critical up-dates are on this web site.
How To Europe
The Complete
Travelers Handbook
by John Bermont
The best travel guide to all of Europe.
Europe on a Shoestring
Lonely Planet
The essential timetable for rail travelers.
European Rail Timetable
Summer 2010
Independent Travellers Edition
Thomas Cook
|
|
NEW! — Stephanie's Paris Blog
O hey Europe
Chapter 11
(without photos) of
HOW TO EUROPE
The Complete Travelers Handbook
Internet edition.
A page from
enjoy-europe.com
with
John Bermont
Don't blow their fuses.
THE DIFFERENCE
The voltage throughout Europe is 220. American voltage is only 110. Changing European
electricity so that it can be safely used in your appliances and electronic gizmos
is a significant nuisance for travelers.
Deciding which electrical equipment and accessories to bring will be a major
consideration as you make your
packing list. This chapter will get you up to speed. If you have any lingering questions see
"Note to Readers" in the last paragraph below. I am happy to answer any email
on the subject, and any other travel inquiry if I can.
What is Electricity?
Electricity, in the nearly abstract, is a form of energy
consisting of a flow of electrons. The flow can be continuous in
one direction (direct current electricity, DC) or it can be reversing on a
fixed frequency (alternating current electricity, AC).
Electricity is measured in terms of quantity (amperes, amps, A) and
force (voltage, volts, V). The energy used is electrical power (watts, W). In
household electrical circuits, power is equal to the product of quantity
and force. In other words, volts multiplied by amps equals watts. VxA=W. Instead of
mentioning watts, the nameplate on many electrical devices uses the term volt amps,
abbreviated VA.
The quantity of electricity available at any outlet is determined by the size
of the wires furnishing it. The fuse or circuit breaker at the main electrical panel
is designed to limit the flow of electricity according to the size of the
wire. When too much electricity passes through a wire it becomes hot. In the extreme case
the wire can become so hot that it melts, starts sparking, and sets the place on fire.
Before the wire gets that hot the fuse blows or the circuit breaker opens and prevents
damage.
The "Hz" you see on electrical appliances indicates the frequency. That is the number of
times per second that AC current reverses polarity from positive to negative. It is
not an abrupt change. The voltage follows a sine wave, gently rising to a peak and then reversing
to a valley. Hz is the abbreviation for Hertz, a German physicist.
I hope this little bit of electrical know-how won't make you dangerous.
Electricity in America
In the United States household electricity is normally supplied by your
local power company or municipal utility at 110 or 120 volts at a frequency of 60 Hz.
Any device rated between 100 volts and 130 volts works fine.
The quantity available in American homes is generally 15 to 20
amps at a single outlet or for the total of all outlets served by
a single fused circuit. Thus, one circuit may provide from 1650 to
2400 watts of power. One circuit usually supplies more than one
outlet. Many people use a doubler plug or power strip so they can use more lights or
appliances from a single outlet. This can cause blown fuses. Instead of fuses,
circuit breakers (CBs) are used in most homes built in the last few decades.
Electricity in Europe
The European version of electricity is generally supplied at 220 volts and a
frequency of 50 Hz. Officially it is 230 volts plus or minus 10%. Any device rated
between 200 volts and 250 volts works fine.
Some localities may have 110 volts but I haven't seen this in many years. A
frequency of 50 cycles
is the standard frequency regardless of the voltage throughout France, Italy,
Germany, England, Spain, and the rest of
Europe. The quantity available depends on the hotel or home where
you are staying. You might be able to use a 1,000 watt hair blower
or travel iron. If the lights start to flicker, shut it off
immediately. I once blew a fuse in an old French hotel as I was drying my hair with a 600
watt hair blower. It seems that Tim Allen has prompted hair dryer makers to boost
the power up to 1,875 watts. Vrooom! Vrooooom! I would expect that this much power would
trip a circuit breaker in some homes.
APPLIANCES
To use electrical appliances in Europe, some hardware is needed
in order to plug in without electrocuting your machine, and maybe
yourself. Since the hotel keeper or desk clerk probably knows less
about electricity than you do, don't bother asking if you can plug
in your appliances — you may scare the desk clerk. Just make sure to unplug
everything after use. Especially do not leave anything plugged
in while you are out sightseeing.
In conjunction with this chapter I urge you to read the Electrical Gadgets
section of my chapter 6,
Your Packing List for Europe:
Travel Short List. It has critical information about hair blowers
and similar items. There is no need to repeat that information here. Further information
can be found in the Household Items section of my chapter 22,
Moving to Europe:
Travel to the Max as an Expatriate.
Dual Voltage
While it is feasible to transform European electricity from 220 volts to 110 volts
for some appliances,
it is safer and far simpler to use dual voltage appliances. Some of these have a 110-220 switch
while many are "smart" and can use either voltage with no operator settings to make.
You may not be able to get full power out of a dual voltage item. My hair blower would only
go up to the 50% setting at 220 volts, but it worked. A reader has told me that
her straightening iron cut out at the half way point also. Neither device was
damaged. Note that many hotels in Europe, even the two star places, B&Bs, and
dorms that I use, normally have a hair blower hard-wired in the room. If you are
making advance reservations ask the hotel if it has hair blowers before you pack your own.
Low Wattage Devices
Small 110 volt electrical appliances like radios and razors can
normally operate with a 50 watt 220 to 110 volt step down transformer. This is a heavy little
package of steel plates and copper wires. If your appliance is marked only 60 Hz, and not 50/60
Hz, you run the risk of burning up something inside even when using
a transformer if you use it for an extended period of time.
Laptop Computers, Digital Cameras, Cell Phones, and Similar Devices
These are electronic devices that more and more people are bringing on their trips. I'll
use the generic term gizmo here because all of these devices have similar
electrical requirements. I carried four gizmos on my last few trips.
These gizmos are usually powered by custom designed rechargeable batteries.
Some of them work on AA or AAA batteries. The gizmos with rechargeable
batteries come with a little black "brick." The brick is a combination
transformer and rectifier especially designed to charge the battery for that
particular gizmo. The transformer changes the input voltage to the voltage required by the
gizmo's battery and the rectifier changes the electricity from AC to DC.
Batteries operate only on DC. See the top of this page for a refresher on AC and DC.
The black bricks always have their electrical specifications embossed or printed
on the back side. For example, my Nikon SLR camera brick says
"Input: 100-240V~50/60Hz 0.18-0.105A 18-25.2VA." The only part of this that you
really need to know is 100-240V~50/60Hz. This tells you that it works on both
American (110 volt 60 Hz) and European (220 volt 50 Hz) electricity. The numbers
for A tell you how many amps are used and VA (equivalent to watts, W) tells you
how much power is consumed. In this case that is in the neighborhood of a 25 watt
light bulb. That tells you something else you should be aware of — the brick
is going to generate some heat. It won't be much heat but it would be wise to
lay the brick out in open air to dissipate the heat and not wrap the brick in a
T-shirt where it could get hot.
The bricks for my other three gizmos have similar "Input" statements.
The net result is that all I need for powering these gizmos in Europe is a plug
adapter for each one. A plug adapter does not change anything electrically.
It only changes the prongs on your plugs. For details of the different plugs in
use see the section below on plug adapters. Better than having a plug adapter
for each gizmo is having a 250 volt power surge strip with a European plug on the
cord. See the surge strip in the left column with a Continental plug. If you are
going to the UK or Ireland it would be handier to get the surge strip advertised
on my UK page at
United Kingdom.
Each of these black bricks also has an "Output" statement. These specifications
are all different. I can't use one simple brick. I need all four. The output
statement of each brick matches the input requirement of its associated gizmo
in terms of DC voltage and power, VA.
Be aware that not all bricks are good for 100-240V~50/60Hz. When I bought my Nikon
camera I just happened to look closely at the brick before I left the store
and it said only 110v~60Hz. The camera store owner looked in another box and found a brick
good for 100-240V~50/60Hz. You almost need a microscope to read those electrical specifications.
Higher Power Electric Appliances
Do not bother bringing a plug-in electric clock or clock radio to
Europe. These devices, which generally operate on AC motors, will
run at only 5/6 of the speed for which they were designed because
the speed is determined by the electric frequency. If, for
instance, you bring your electric alarm clock and set it at 6 pm
when you check into the hotel, it will read only 11 pm when it is
midnight, and only 4 am when it is 6 am. You will probably miss
breakfast. You need a battery powered travel alarm.
If your electrical device has a transformer in it, you probably
should not bring it to Europe. Lower frequencies require thicker
transformers. Transformers designed for 60 Hz operation can
overheat and sometimes burn up when used in 50 Hz circuits. Make
sure that your stereo receiver is rated for both 50 and 60 cycles
before moving it to Europe. We used to have a tape deck which
apparently suffered untimely death due to 50 Hz burnout.
If your hair blower starts running at a very high speed you have probably
plugged in a 110 volt hair dryer. If you leave it running on 220 volts it will burn
up in a few seconds and your room will smell putrid for a long time.
TV
If you are relocating to Europe for an extended period, don't
bother bringing a TV. Not only because of the differences in
electricity, but because the broadcast signals in Europe are
different. It won't work. An American TV will have a constant roll, snow, and static.
Radios work fine, provided you transform the voltage. See chapter 22,
Living in Europe,
for more information on television.
DVDs
The producers of DVDs have introduced a "zone" system for all DVDs. There are
six geographical zones in the world. The USA is #1, Europe and some
other areas are #2, etc. DVD players will only play DVDs manufactured
for a specific zone. The reason they do this is to control the sales and make
more money. So if you intend to buy a DVD in Europe make sure that it will
play in your zone #1 player, but it probably won't. Or buy a zone #2 player
while you are in Europe so you can watch those French movies. But check the
electrical nameplate for 110/220 volts and 50/60 Hz. Multi-zone DVD players are
available in Europe.
EXCEPTIONS AND CAUTIONS
110/220 Volts
Although European electricity is generally 220 volts, there are
a few places where you will find 110 volts. On entering a hotel
room, inspect a light bulb. It will be marked with the voltage as
at home. Then you know. You can also find the voltage stamped on
the back of the radio or TV if your room has one or the other. But
there are exceptions. On a visit to Stockholm, I found that
the hotel room was 220 volts, except for the shaver outlet in the
bathroom. It was 110 volts only. It is more common to find both 110
and 220 volts available in bathroom shaver outlets of the better
hotels.
Old Wires
There are still a few cheap hotels in Europe warning
against the use of any electric appliances in the rooms. Even though
some of these places are recommended in popular budget guidebooks,
do not stay there. The warning signs in the lobby indicate that the hotel wiring
is archaic and that they have had trouble before. Someday some
tourist is going to plug in all his electrical machines and fry the wiring. If
you are lucky, all you will lose is the lights. About one hotel in
Europe goes up in smoke every year or so. See chapter 14,
European Hotels, Hostels, B&Bs, Private Homes for more
information on safety in hotels.
Direct Current Electricity, DC
DC electricity is produced by batteries. DC is used to power
cameras, flashlights, camera flash units, portable radios, portable
recorders and CDs, calculators, camcorders, laptop computers, etc..
Each appliance has its own unique requirements for batteries. This
is stated in the operating instructions and in the battery housing.
It is reported that some parts of Europe are wired for DC
electricity in the homes, though I suspect that this is a legend.
I've never seen it. But if you find yourself in one of these areas, do
not attempt to use AC electrical appliances.
TRAVELING ELECTRICAL KIT
When bringing electrical appliances to Europe, some or all of
the following list must also be carried:
Plug adapters
Power strip
Transformer
Converter (Not recommended. See below.)
Batteries
Rechargeable batteries
Battery charger
Plug Adapters
European electrical outlets come in different sizes and shapes.
On the Continent, outlets normally require a plug with two round
prongs about 0.19 inch (4.8 mm) in diameter and 0.72 inch (18 to 19 mm) apart. Outlets in
some older hotels accept a plug with slightly smaller prongs. The regular plug
does not fit.
If you are bringing a laptop computer or other device which has an American
three prong grounded plug you will need a grounded plug adapter. The Continental grounded plug
has only two prongs on it but it has ground connections on the perimeter of the plug.
Newer outlets accept the grounded plug. The standard grounded plug
will not fit in the slightly smaller holes of the old hotel
outlets. If you run up against that problem, go out to a local department
or hardware store and buy an additional adapter when you get there.
Most British and Irish facilities use a three prong plug, with two flat
prongs in line and one perpendicular. See the photo of the advertised UK
plug adapter in the left column.
Newer facilities in
Switzerland have another kind of plug. This one has three round
prongs in a triangular pattern. Again, there is an image in the left column.
The Italians have several types of plugs. There is a version with two round prongs
and a grounded version with three round prongs in line. These have the narrow prongs,
0.15" diameter.
In Eastern Europe it is more likely
that you will find the old style European plug, at least until the time when all those
countries adopt and implement EU (European Union) standards. The old style has the two
round narrow prongs, 0.15" in diameter.
Plug adapters for the American double flat prongs are
virtually impossible to buy in Europe. My recommendation is to buy a Continental
plug adapter for each appliance or a 250 volt power strip before departure.
Carry an extra plug adapter in case your's get lost or permanently borrowed.
See images in the green column on the left and order direct from Amazon.com.
Power Strips
Most Americans have a few power strips in the house. These are commonly used to
plug computers, monitors, printers, and other devices into a single wall outlet.
Power strips usually have built-in surge protection, power overload protection,
and a shut off switch.
My email lately indicates that many travelers pack multiple gizmos that use
rechargeable batteries. I do too. See the section above, "Laptop Computers,
Digital Cameras, Cell Phones, and Similar Devices." It is nice to be
able to charge them all overnight and start every day with your batteries fully
loaded. You could have a crisis by mid afternoon otherwise. Typically there is
only one wall outlet in your hotel room. In fact, sometimes the only outlets
in the room are being used by lamps and the TV and there isn't a spare outlet for your
equipment. This is when a power strip comes to the rescue.
A power strip with "universal" outlets is most useful. Then you can unplug a lamp
in your room, plug in your power strip, plug the hotel lamp into the power strip,
and plug in your American bricks and gizmos. The "universal" outlet accepts
everything — American, British, Irish, and all the Continental plugs.
American power strips can physically be connected to a plug adapter and plugged
in to any European wall outlet. This results in 240 volts rushing through your
American 110 volt power strip. Then you might have sparks and smoke. If you burn
down the hotel you are responsible, if you are still alive. I recommend that any
power strip you use be rated for 220 volts minimum. There is one in the green
Amazon advert column on the left. It has a continental European plug on the cord
so you do not need a plug adapter to plug it in. And it has universal outlets.
If you are going to Britain or Ireland see the power surge strip advertised on
my page for the UK at
United Kingdom. It
has the correct plug for the islands and universal outlets.
I recommend that you not plug anything other than electronic gizmos and battery
chargers into your power strip. The capacity of a power strip is limited. A high
power hair blower could pop the circuit breaker. Never plug in anything that is
not rated for 240 volts. Get out your magnifying glass and look at the bottom of
your gizmos and bricks!
Transformers
A 220 volt to 110 volt transformer is a heavy thing because
it is made of solid steel plates and two coils of copper wire.
Electricity is introduced into the primary coil and comes out at the
secondary coil. The change in voltage equals the ratio of the number of turns
in each coil. Thus, a 220-110 volt transformer has half as many turns in the
secondary coil as in the primary coil.
A transformer can be used to change European electricity so that it can be used
in American specification devices. Transformers come in all sizes. The common
travelers transformer is 50 watts and can be used for small electrical devices.
Larger transformers can be used for bigger devices. Look at the electrical
nameplate on your equipment to find out how much power it requires.
That is measured in watts.
If you load a transformer to the max it will get hot and maybe start to humm.
Get a bigger transformer if it is too hot to hold your hand on it.
If you are going to leave your electrical appliances plugged in for hours and hours get
a transformer rated at least twice the required capacity. If you are going to use your
appliance for only 10 or 20 minutes you can get by with a transformer rated at the
wattage of your appliance.
Converter
A "converter" is an electronic device designed to reduce 220 volts to 110 volts for use on
hair dryers, irons, and other high wattage heating devices.
If your high wattage equipment doesn't have a dual voltage
switch, you might be able to use a converter. It is much lighter and smaller
than a transformer of equal capacity, and it is definitely not a transformer
(see above). If it is used with something like a 400 watt slide projector, the lamp will
burn out in a few seconds. Yup, I know — I did that. I've read that
the 1,600 watt converters can also fry a 1,200 watt item.
Further, because of the way that converters work they may toast
your equipment no matter what. Alternating current electricity changes from plus
to minus as it alternates in a sine wave pattern. The electrons are rushing in one
direction and then half way through the wave in 1/120th of a second they suddenly start
rushing in the other direction. Converters work by refusing to allow
the electrons to reverse direction. The result is that the net voltage is half
of the input voltage. The electrical output of a converter is
just half of the sine wave. That's how it chops the voltage down to 110.
So the output is an on-off single polarity pulse with zero voltage for half of each
sine wave. Many normal electrical appliances
these days include a chip in the control crcuit. Half a sine wave is OK for a pure
heating element but the go-stop-go-stop of a converter can shake the shorts off a
silicon chip right now.
I urge you to absolutely avoid using devices called "converters."
They are potentially hazardous to your equipment. I receive
a couple of emails a month from people who used a converter and were immediately blessed with
an amazing light show from the device or their gizmo, followed by blackout in their hotel room.
If you need a hair dryer, iron, or similar item you would be much better
off buying a 220-110 volt dual voltage unit. See the appliances in the left hand column
on this page.
Batteries
Bring spare batteries for your equipment. If you buy batteries
in Europe, do not expect much. Cheap off-brands are widely
available, and probably dead on arrival when you get back to your
hotel room. Even some Duracell batteries I have bought in Europe
were completely dead when I tried to use them a few hours after
purchase.
Camera batteries are a special subject. See chapter 12,
Photography in Europe
for information.
Rechargeable Batteries
Nickel metal hydride, Ni-MH, rechargeable batteries made by Eveready, Sony, Panasonic,
and others are expensive but pay for
themselves in a hurry, especially in Europe. If you are packing anything that uses AA
batteries, rechargeables are worth considering.
Battery charger
If you are using rechargeable batteries, carry a dual voltage charger.
SOURCES
Home Town
Individual plug adapters, transformers, and multi piece kits are
sold in some department stores (try the wallet section) and by
several electrical specialty companies. Better luggage retailers also carry a
selection of electrical devices and other widgets for travelers. Do not be
talked into buying a *converter*.
Airports
The duty free shops in international airports carry many
electrical appliances. If you didn't have the opportunity to buy
what you need before leaving home, browse through the duty free
shop before getting on the plane. When you see the prices you'll wish that you
had taken care of this earlier.
After you land in Europe you will again see duty free shops in the airport. But you
cannot buy anything in a duty free shop when you land. You can only shop
duty free on departure.
Over There
American-to-European plug adapters are nearly impossible to find in
Europe so you'd better get these before you go. It is possible
to buy transformers in Europe, but it may be difficult to find a small one
suitable for traveling. They are also very expensive in Europe. If you
really need one, shop in stores selling hardware, electrical goods,
computers, or electronics.
The Internet
If you do a search for these electrical devices on the internet you will find
many manufacturers, models, and vendors. I've saved you some trouble by locating
what you need at the Amazon.com store. See the items in my green advertising column
at the left. Most of these items can be delivered in a few days direct to your door.
Save gas and shop in your shorts.
SUMMARY REFERENCE TABLE
|
Your device says: |
|
|
Voltage |
Frequency * |
Watts, Amps |
Action |
|
110 volts |
60 Hz |
25 watts or less,
¼ amps or less |
Bring a 50 watt transformer with European plug. |
|
110 volts |
60 Hz |
26 watts or more,
¼ amps or more |
Bring a transformer rated at least twice the wattage of your device. |
|
110-220 volts |
50/60 Hz |
200 watts or less,
2 amps or less. |
Bring it with a plug adapter or a 250 volt surge strip. |
|
110-220 volts |
50/60 Hz |
200 watts or more,
2 amps or more. |
Bring it with an individual plug adapter. Do not use a surge strip. |
Voltages are approximate.
110 volts applies to 100 to 125 volts.
220 volts applies to 200 to 250 volts.
* Motorized devices rated for 60 Hz will run at only 5/6 of their normal speed
on the 50 Hz of Europe.
|
NOTE TO READERS
I welcome questions and comments. If you have any concerns about your trip to
Europe that have not been covered well enough in this section please do not hesitate to write and ask.
When you write please include as much detail as possible.
ATTENTION. If you are seeking advice on whether or not
to use certain electrical gizmos in Europe
please send the electrical specifications for your gizmos. This data is on the
nameplate of the gizmo or the brick as discussed above.
Include the following information in your email:
INPUT
- volts, V or VAC,
- frequency, Hz, and
- watts, W or volt-amps, VA.
If you do not send this information for your specific devices I can not give you any advice.
There are a zillion electrical gizmos on the market. I own five of them. I know
NOTHING about your tool or toy. If you
do not include the input volts, Hz, and watts
of your gizmos my reply will be very simple — a copy of this paragraph.
I do not open attachments. Please include all of your data in the body of your email.
Also, there are about 50 countries in Europe and they're not all the same like Kansas and Nebraska.
It will help me answer your questions if you mention the countries and/or cities you plan to visit.
I will reply in a day or two.
Your privacy is protected. Your email address and contents of your email are secure and confidential.
My email address is
johnbermont@enjoy-europe.com.
Sometimes email gets lost or squashed by my
spam filter. If you have not heard back from me within three days please write
again. I answer all.
Don't forget to scroll through the Table of Contents below. The other 29 chapters of
HOW TO EUROPE
are also available, free to read on line. In addition, the Google search box below can locate specific subjects
in any chapter or page on site.
For a check-off punchlist of everything go to The Finale,
Packing List and Last Call:
What You
Need to Travel in Europe, All in One Place.
If you know of someone else who would appreciate reading this web page please send
the URL link to him or her. To easily do that, click your "File" tab in the tool bar and scroll down to
"Send" or "Send Link." Your friend will thank you, and I thank you.
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